EFOMM 2024

Read the text below and answer question.

In the mid-1930s, two familiar spires towered above the moming fog. Stretching 227 meters into the sky, these 22,000-ton towers would help support California"s Golden Gate Bridge. 

But since they were currently in Pennsylvania, they first had to be dismantled, packaged, and shipped piece by piece over 4,500 kilometers away. Moving the bridge's towers across a continent was just one of the challenges facing Charles Ellis and Joseph Strauss, the project's lead engineers. Even before construction began, the pair faced all kinds of opposition. 

The military feared the bridge would make the important harbor an even more vulnerable target. Ferry companies claimed the bridge would steal their business, and residents wanted to preserve the area's natural scenery. 

Worse still, many engineers thought the project was impossible. The Golden Gate Strait was home to 96-kilometer-per-hour winds, swirling tides, an endless blanket of fog, and the earthquake-prone San Andreas fault. 

But Strauss ____________________ the bridge ______________ be built and that it __________________ provide San Francisco”s commuters more reliable passage to the city. He was, however, a bit out of his depth. Strauss”s initial plans to span the strait used a cantilever bridge. This kind of bridge consists of a single beam anchored at one end and extended horizontally like a diving board. 

Since these bridges can only extend so far before collapsing under their own weight, Strauss's design used two cantilevers, linked by a structure in the middle. But Ellis and his colleague Leon Moisseif convinced Strauss to pursue a different approach: the suspension bridge. 

Where a cantilever bridge is supported from one end a suspension bridge suspends its deck from cables strung across the gap. The result is a more flexible structure that's resilient to winds and shifting loads. This kind of design had long been used for small rope bridges. And in the 1930s, advanced steel manufacturing could create cables of bundled wire to act as strong steel rope for large-scale construction. 

At the time, the Golden Gate Bridge was the longest and tallest suspension bridge ever attempted, and its design was only possible due to these innovations. But cables and towers of this size could only be built at large steelworks on the country's east coast. 

Abridged and adapted from: https://Awww.ted.com/talks/alex_gender_builIding_the_impossible_golden_gate_bridge/transcript).

I- Opposition from the military. 

I- Opposition from ferry companies. 

III- Opposition from residents. 

IV- Opposition from his colleague Leon Moisseif. 

V- Opposition from the engineers.